Affidavit of Heirship
An affidavit of heirship is recognized in only some states. See whether your state recognizes it, and if not, the mechanism it actually uses to establish who inherited.
Find out where you stand — what state are you in?
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Introduction
An affidavit of heirship is a sworn statement, usually made by someone with personal knowledge of a decedent's family, that sets out the decedent's marital history, children, and other facts needed to identify the decedent's heirs. Where state law gives it effect, it serves as evidence of those facts for a court or a title examiner. It is not a deed, and it does not transfer property in any state that recognizes it. This instrument is not available everywhere, and that is the first thing to check before relying on it: 21 states give the affidavit a real evidentiary role, while in the other 29 heirs must use a different mechanism entirely, from a judicial determination of heirs to a personal representative's deed. The state-by-state table below names the route and the citation for all 50. This page is general information, not legal advice; attorney review is available for any document you draft from it.
Key Things to Know
- 1
An affidavit of heirship is not available in every state. Only 21 states have a dedicated page on this site because their law gives the affidavit a real evidentiary role; the other 29 states use a different mechanism entirely, from a judicial determination of heirs to a personal representative's deed. Recording an affidavit of heirship where the state does not recognize one accomplishes nothing.
- 2
Where it is recognized, an affidavit of heirship is evidence of who the heirs are, not a transfer of property. An affidavit of heirship does not transfer, convey, or vest title to real property in any state; title on an intestate death passes under the state's law of descent, and the affidavit only helps prove that fact later, typically to a court or a title examiner.
- 3
How long an affidavit of heirship must be on record before it counts as evidence varies enormously where it is recognized at all, from no waiting period in most recognizing states, to about a month, to roughly six months, to five years, to twenty years in the state with the longest wait. There is no general national rule; check your own state's page for its specific waiting period, if it has one.
- 4
Two disinterested witnesses is not a legal requirement anywhere this has been checked. It is a title-company underwriting convention that shows up when a company decides whether to insure title on the strength of the affidavit, not a term found in the states' affidavit of heirship statutes themselves.
- 5
Partial recognition on this site's state pages means the instrument works only in narrow circumstances, not that it works normally with some fine print. In the most restrictive partial-recognition state, the affidavit only carries evidentiary force where the affiant is dead, a nonresident, of unknown residence, or too old, infirm, or sick to attend court; with a living, able, resident affiant the same affidavit carries no evidentiary weight at all.
- 6
An affidavit of heirship is not a small estate affidavit in most states. A small estate affidavit typically collects a decedent's personal property under a value cap; an affidavit of heirship, where recognized, evidences who the heirs are and does not move title. In most states the two solve different problems and are not interchangeable, but Louisiana is an exception: its small succession affidavit is itself the instrument that evidences heirship against real property. Check your own state's page before assuming the two are separate.
- 7
An affidavit of heirship is also not the same instrument as an affidavit of death, an affidavit of survivorship, or an affidavit of descent. An affidavit of death, sometimes called an affidavit of death of joint tenant, proves that someone died; it says nothing about who inherited. Confusing the two in a state that only recognizes one of them can leave a title defect uncorrected.
Affidavit of heirship by state
Twenty-one states give an affidavit of heirship a real evidentiary role, and each of those links to its own page below. In the other 29, either no statute recognizes the instrument for real property or the recognition is too narrow to be that state's real answer, so the table names the mechanism heirs actually use there. Recording an affidavit of heirship in a state that does not recognize one accomplishes nothing.
| State | Affidavit of heirship | Statute, or what the state uses instead |
|---|---|---|
| Alabama | Recognized, narrowly | Ala. Code sections 35-4-69, 35-4-70, 35-4-71 |
| Alaska | Not recognized | Personal representative's deed of distribution out of informal probate, AS 13.16.080 to 13.16.130. |
| Arizona | Recognized, narrowly | A.R.S. section 14-3971(E)-(G) |
| Arkansas | Not recognized | Small estate affidavit, which unusually reaches real property, Ark. Code Ann. 28-41-101. |
| California | Not recognized | Petition to determine succession to real property, primary residence up to $750,000, Cal. Prob. Code 13150 to 13157. |
| Colorado | Recognized | C.R.S. section 38-35-113 |
| Connecticut | Recognized, narrowly | Conn. Gen. Stat. section 47-12a |
| Delaware | Not recognized | Open an estate with the Register of Wills, 12 Del. C. 1905. |
| Florida | Not recognized | Summary administration, Fla. Stat. 735.201 to 735.2063, uncapped once the decedent has been dead more than two years. |
| Georgia | Not recognized | Petition for an order that no administration is necessary, O.C.G.A. 53-2-40 to 53-2-42. |
| Hawaii | Not recognized | Judicial determination of heirs, Hawaii Probate Rule 73, available five years after the death. |
| Idaho | Recognized, narrowly | Idaho Code section 55-816 |
| Illinois | Not recognized | Judicial declaration of heirship, 755 ILCS 5/5-3(a). An affidavit is named at 5/5-3(b)(1) but only as evidence inside that proceeding. |
| Indiana | Recognized | Ind. Code 29-1-7-23(b)-(f) |
| Iowa | Recognized, narrowly | Iowa Code section 558.8 |
| Kansas | Not recognized | Petition to determine descent in the district court, K.S.A. 59-2250 to 59-2252. |
| Kentucky | Recognized, narrowly | KRS 382.120 |
| Louisiana | Recognized, narrowly | La. Code Civ. Proc. arts. 3421-3434 |
| Maine | Not recognized | Judicial determination of heirs with no time limit, 18-C M.R.S. sec. 3-108(2). |
| Maryland | Not recognized | Register of Wills administration, with title moving by the personal representative's recordable deed of distribution. |
| Massachusetts | Recognized, narrowly | G.L. c. 183, section 5A |
| Michigan | Recognized | MCL 565.451a(a) |
| Minnesota | Not recognized | Judicial decree of descent, Minn. Stat. 525.31 to 525.313, more than three years after the death. |
| Mississippi | Recognized | Miss. Code Ann. section 89-5-8(1) |
| Missouri | Recognized, narrowly | Mo. Rev. Stat. section 490.370 |
| Montana | Not recognized | Judicial determination of heirs with no time limit, Mont. Code Ann. 72-3-1001. |
| Nebraska | Recognized, narrowly | Neb. Rev. Stat. section 30-24,129 |
| Nevada | Not recognized | Petition to set aside estate without administration up to $150,000, NRS 146.070. |
| New Hampshire | Not recognized | Probate administration ending in a decree of distribution, RSA 561:1. |
| New Jersey | Not recognized | Grant of letters of administration from the county Surrogate, N.J.S.A. 3B:10-2. |
| New Mexico | Not recognized | Informal probate ending in a personal representative's deed, or formal testacy determining heirs, NMSA 1978 sections 45-3-401 and 45-3-409. |
| New York | Not recognized | Surrogate's Court administration proceeding, SCPA Arts. 10-11. |
| North Carolina | Not recognized | Title vests in the heirs automatically at death. N.C. Gen. Stat. 47-1 lets an affidavit be recorded but gives it no evidentiary effect. |
| North Dakota | Not recognized | Judicial determination of heirs in a formal testacy proceeding, N.D.C.C. 30.1-15-01 and 30.1-15-02. |
| Ohio | Recognized | Ohio Rev. Code 317.22(B)-(C) |
| Oklahoma | Recognized | 16 O.S. sections 82-83 |
| Oregon | Not recognized | Judicial determination of heirship, ORS 111.085(1)(c) and (d), or full probate administration. |
| Pennsylvania | Recognized | 21 P.S. sections 451-453 |
| Rhode Island | Not recognized | Certificate of devise or descent filed by the probate fiduciary, R.I. Gen. Laws 33-9-29. |
| South Carolina | Not recognized | Judicial determination of heirs by formal testacy proceeding, with no personal representative required. |
| South Dakota | Recognized, narrowly | SDCL 29A-3-1203 |
| Tennessee | Recognized | Tenn. Code Ann. section 30-2-712 |
| Texas | Recognized | Tex. Est. Code ch. 203 |
| Utah | Not recognized | Judicial determination of heirs through probate under the Utah Uniform Probate Code. |
| Vermont | Not recognized | Petition to determine heirs and title, 14 V.S.A. 1801 to 1804, where record title has sat unprobated more than seven years. |
| Virginia | Recognized | Va. Code sections 64.2-509 |
| Washington | Not recognized | Judicial adjudication of intestacy and heirship, RCW 11.28.110 and 11.28.320 to .340. |
| West Virginia | Not recognized | Judicial petition for establishment and recordation of descent in circuit court, for real property of any value. |
| Wisconsin | Not recognized | Judicial determination of descent, Wis. Stat. 867.05, six or more years after an intestate death. |
| Wyoming | Not recognized | Judicial determination of heirship, Wyo. Stat. Ann. 2-9-201 to 2-9-204. |
Key Decisions
Affidavit of Heirship Requirements
Understand before you begin that an affidavit of heirship is EVIDENCE of who a decedent's heirs are. Recording it does not transfer, convey or vest title, and it does not substitute for probate where probate is required.
Identify the decedent by full legal name, including any other names they used, together with the date and place of death.
State how the affiant knows the family. Most statutes that recognise this instrument turn on the affiant's personal knowledge rather than on any particular number of signers.
Set out the complete marital history: every marriage, how each ended, and the dates. Omitted marriages are the most common reason a title examiner rejects an affidavit.
Name every child of the decedent, living or deceased, by every marriage and outside marriage, and identify the descendants of any child who died first.
State whether an estate was ever opened for the decedent and, if so, where and when. Several states condition the affidavit on no administration being pending.
Describe the real property by its full legal description, not by street address, exactly as it appears in the deed records.
Have the affiant swear to the affidavit before a notary or other officer authorised to take acknowledgments. An unacknowledged affidavit is generally not recordable.
Check what your state actually requires before recording. Whether this instrument is recognised at all, what it proves, and whether any waiting period applies all vary by state, and a majority of states do not recognise it for real property.
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Check my Affidavit of HeirshipFrequently Asked Questions
An affidavit of heirship is a sworn statement, usually made by someone with personal knowledge of a decedent's family, that sets out the decedent's marital history, children, and other facts needed to identify the decedent's heirs. In the states that give it legal effect, it serves as evidence of those facts, typically for a court or a title examiner; it is not itself a deed and it does not transfer property.
No. An affidavit of heirship does not transfer, convey, or vest title to real property in any state that recognizes it. It is evidence of who the heirs are. Title on an intestate death passes under the state's law of descent, and the affidavit only helps prove, sometimes years later, who received it.
No. Only 21 states have a statute that gives the affidavit a real, usable evidentiary role, and even among those, several recognize it only in narrow circumstances. In the other 29 states, no statute recognizes an affidavit of heirship for real property, or the recognition is too thin to be a workable answer, and heirs instead use that state's actual mechanism, such as a judicial determination of heirs or a personal representative's deed.
It depends entirely on the state, and there is no general rule. Most recognizing states attach no waiting period at all. Where one exists, it ranges from about a month, to roughly six months, to five years, to twenty years depending on the state. Check your own state's page for its specific rule, if it has one.
It varies by state, but no state's affidavit of heirship statute requires two disinterested affiants. That requirement, when a reader encounters it, is typically a title company's own underwriting practice rather than a statutory rule. Some states require only a single affiant with personal knowledge of the family history.
It depends on the state, and the mechanisms differ significantly: a judicial determination or declaration of heirship, a personal representative's deed of distribution out of probate, a small estate affidavit or petition where the estate qualifies, or full probate administration. Find your state in the directory on this page for the specific route and citation.
In most states, no. A small estate affidavit collects a decedent's personal property under a value cap and is handed to a bank, transfer agent, or similar holder. An affidavit of heirship, where a state recognizes one, evidences who the heirs are and does not move title. In most states they address different problems, but Louisiana is an exception: its small succession affidavit is itself the instrument that evidences heirship against real property, so there the two are the same mechanism.
No. An affidavit of death, sometimes called an affidavit of death of joint tenant, proves that a specific person died; it says nothing about who inherited their property. An affidavit of heirship, where recognized, proves who the heirs are. Some states use one, some the other, and a handful use neither.