DocDraft Logo

Understanding Wage Withholding Orders: What You Need to Know

Learn about wage withholding orders, how they affect your income, and what rights you have as a business owner, parent, or individual with significant assets.

Introduction

A Wage Withholding Order is a legal document that requires an employer to withhold a portion of an employee's wages to satisfy a debt obligation. These orders are commonly issued for child support, spousal support, unpaid taxes, or other court-ordered debts. If you're a business owner, part of a long-term marriage with significant assets, or a parent with minor children, understanding how wage withholding orders work is essential to protect your financial interests and ensure compliance with legal obligations. This guide explains the basics of wage withholding orders, your rights and responsibilities, and how they might impact your specific situation.

Key Things to Know

  1. 1

    Wage withholding orders are legally binding documents that require employers to deduct specific amounts from an employee's paycheck to satisfy debts like child support, taxes, or court judgments.

  2. 2

    Federal law limits most garnishments to 25% of disposable earnings, but child support withholding can be up to 50-65% depending on circumstances.

  3. 3

    Employers cannot terminate employees solely because of a single wage withholding order, as this is prohibited by federal law.

  4. 4

    Child support withholding orders take priority over most other types of garnishments, followed by tax levies and then private debts.

  5. 5

    Business owners who fail to properly implement wage withholding orders can be held personally liable for the amounts that should have been withheld.

  6. 6

    Individuals can contest wage withholding orders if they believe the amount is incorrect or exceeds legal limits, but must do so within specific timeframes.

  7. 7

    Certain assets and income sources may be exempt from garnishment, including Social Security benefits (in most cases), disability payments, and retirement accounts.

  8. 8

    Self-employed individuals are still responsible for debt obligations but are subject to different collection methods since they don't receive traditional wages.

Key Decisions

Parents with Minor Children

Long-Term Marriage Partners with Significant Assets

Business Owners

Long-term Married Couples with Significant Assets

Customize your Wage Withholding Order Template with DocDraft

WAGE WITHHOLDING ORDER

IN THE [COURT NAME] COURT

[COURT ADDRESS]

[COUNTY], [STATE]

CASE NO.: [CASE NUMBER]

[PLAINTIFF/PETITIONER NAME],
Plaintiff/Petitioner,

v.

[DEFENDANT/RESPONDENT NAME],
Defendant/Respondent.

WAGE WITHHOLDING ORDER

THIS MATTER having come before the Court, and the Court having jurisdiction over the parties and subject matter herein, and being fully advised in the premises, HEREBY ORDERS:

I. PARTIES AND JURISDICTION

A. Creditor Information:

  • Judgment Creditor: [CREDITOR FULL LEGAL NAME]
  • Address: [CREDITOR ADDRESS]
  • Phone: [CREDITOR PHONE]
  • Email: [CREDITOR EMAIL]

B. Creditor's Attorney:

  • Attorney Name: [ATTORNEY NAME]
  • Law Firm: [LAW FIRM NAME]
  • Address: [ATTORNEY ADDRESS]
  • Phone: [ATTORNEY PHONE]
  • Email: [ATTORNEY EMAIL]
  • Bar Number: [ATTORNEY BAR NUMBER]

C. Debtor Information:

  • Judgment Debtor: [DEBTOR FULL LEGAL NAME]
  • Last Known Address: [DEBTOR ADDRESS]
  • Social Security Number: XXX-XX-[LAST FOUR DIGITS OF SSN]

D. Employer Information:

  • Employer Name: [EMPLOYER NAME]
  • Address: [EMPLOYER ADDRESS]
  • Phone: [EMPLOYER PHONE]
  • Email: [EMPLOYER EMAIL]
  • Employer Identification Number (if known): [EMPLOYER EIN]

II. JUDGMENT AND DEBT INFORMATION

A. Judgment Details:

  • Date of Original Judgment: [JUDGMENT DATE]
  • Original Judgment Amount: $[ORIGINAL JUDGMENT AMOUNT]
  • Post-Judgment Interest Rate: [INTEREST RATE]% per annum
  • Court Where Judgment Was Entered: [COURT NAME]

B. Current Amount Due:

  • Original Judgment Amount: $[ORIGINAL JUDGMENT AMOUNT]
  • Accrued Interest to Date: $[ACCRUED INTEREST AMOUNT] (calculated from [JUDGMENT DATE] to [CURRENT DATE])
  • Post-Judgment Costs and Fees: $[POST-JUDGMENT COSTS]
  • Payments Received: $[PAYMENTS RECEIVED]
  • Current Total Amount Due: $[CURRENT TOTAL DUE]

III. WITHHOLDING INSTRUCTIONS

A. Withholding Amount:

The employer shall withhold the following amount from the judgment debtor's earnings for each pay period, beginning with the first pay period that occurs no fewer than [NUMBER] days after the receipt of this Order:

  1. For support orders (child support or spousal support): [PERCENTAGE]% of the judgment debtor's disposable earnings or $[AMOUNT] per [PAY PERIOD], whichever is less.

  2. For non-support judgments: The lesser of: a. [PERCENTAGE]% of the judgment debtor's disposable earnings per pay period; or b. The amount by which the judgment debtor's disposable earnings exceed thirty (30) times the federal minimum hourly wage in effect at the time the earnings are payable.

"Disposable earnings" means that part of the earnings of any individual remaining after the deduction from those earnings of any amounts required by law to be withheld, including but not limited to federal and state income taxes and social security taxes.

B. Withholding Frequency:

Withholding shall occur each pay period, whether weekly, bi-weekly, semi-monthly, or monthly, beginning with the first pay period following receipt of this Order, and shall continue until further order of this Court or until the judgment is satisfied in full as set forth in Section III(D) below.

C. Payment Instructions:

  1. The employer shall remit all withheld funds within [NUMBER] business days of each pay date to:

    [PAYEE NAME]
    [PAYEE ADDRESS]
    [CITY, STATE ZIP]

  2. Payment Methods:

    • Check or Money Order: Made payable to "[PAYEE NAME]" with case number [CASE NUMBER] noted in the memo line.
    • Electronic Payment: [ELECTRONIC PAYMENT INSTRUCTIONS, IF APPLICABLE]
    • Direct Deposit: [DIRECT DEPOSIT INSTRUCTIONS, IF APPLICABLE]

  3. The employer shall include with each payment: a. The judgment debtor's full name; b. The case number [CASE NUMBER]; c. The pay period from which the funds were withheld; and d. The judgment debtor's gross and net earnings for the pay period.

D. Duration of Withholding:

This Wage Withholding Order shall remain in effect until:

  1. The judgment is satisfied in full, including the original judgment amount, all accrued interest, and any additional court-approved costs;
  2. The employer receives a written satisfaction of judgment from the judgment creditor or the judgment creditor's attorney;
  3. The employer receives an order from this Court terminating the withholding; or
  4. The judgment debtor's employment with the employer is terminated, in which case the employer shall notify the Court and the judgment creditor within [NUMBER] business days of such termination.

IV. LEGAL COMPLIANCE

A. Statutory Authority:

This Wage Withholding Order is issued pursuant to [STATE STATUTE CITATION] and Title III of the Consumer Credit Protection Act, 15 U.S.C. § 1671 et seq.

B. Employer Obligations:

  1. The employer shall implement this Wage Withholding Order no later than the first pay period that begins after [NUMBER] days following receipt of this Order.

  2. The employer is prohibited from charging the judgment debtor any fee for the administration of this Wage Withholding Order.

  3. The employer's failure to withhold or remit funds as directed by this Order may result in the employer being held liable for the amounts that should have been withheld, plus additional penalties as provided by [STATE STATUTE CITATION].

  4. The employer may be subject to contempt proceedings for failure to comply with this Order.

  5. The employer shall notify the Court and the judgment creditor within [NUMBER] business days if the judgment debtor's employment is terminated.

  6. If the judgment debtor resumes employment with the employer within [NUMBER] days after termination, this Wage Withholding Order shall automatically resume without further action by the Court or the judgment creditor.

C. Priority Statement:

  1. This Wage Withholding Order shall be satisfied after all of the following, if applicable: a. Any withholding order for child support or spousal support; b. Any withholding order for federal tax levies that were served before this Order; c. Any bankruptcy court order under Chapter 13 of the United States Bankruptcy Code.

  2. If there are multiple wage withholding orders against the same judgment debtor, they shall be satisfied in the order in which they were served on the employer, subject to the priority rules stated above.

  3. If the total amount of withholding required by all wage withholding orders exceeds the maximum amount permitted to be withheld under applicable law, the employer shall withhold the maximum amount permitted and allocate the withheld wages according to the priorities established by law.

D. Anti-Discrimination Notice:

The employer is prohibited from discharging, refusing to employ, or taking any disciplinary action against the judgment debtor because of the issuance of this Wage Withholding Order. Violation of this provision may subject the employer to civil penalties, including but not limited to damages payable to the judgment debtor, as provided by [STATE STATUTE CITATION].

E. Consumer Credit Protection Act Limits:

Notwithstanding any other provision of this Order, the maximum amount that may be withheld from the judgment debtor's disposable earnings is limited by the Consumer Credit Protection Act, 15 U.S.C. § 1673, as follows:

  1. For ordinary judgments: 25% of the judgment debtor's disposable earnings for the pay period, or the amount by which the judgment debtor's disposable earnings exceed thirty (30) times the federal minimum hourly wage, whichever is less.

  2. For child support or spousal support: Up to 50% of the judgment debtor's disposable earnings if the judgment debtor is supporting another spouse or child, or up to 60% if the judgment debtor is not supporting another spouse or child. These percentages increase by 5% if the judgment debtor is more than twelve (12) weeks in arrears.

V. PROCEDURAL ELEMENTS

A. Service Requirements:

  1. The judgment creditor shall serve this Wage Withholding Order on the employer by: a. Certified mail, return receipt requested; b. Personal service by a process server; or c. Any other method authorized by [STATE] law for service of process.

  2. The judgment creditor shall also serve a copy of this Wage Withholding Order on the judgment debtor by: a. First-class mail to the judgment debtor's last known address; b. Personal service; or c. Any other method authorized by [STATE] law for service of process.

  3. The judgment creditor shall file proof of service on both the employer and the judgment debtor with the Court within [NUMBER] days of service.

B. Objection Rights:

  1. The judgment debtor has the right to object to this Wage Withholding Order by filing a written objection with the Court within [NUMBER] days after receiving notice of this Order.

  2. The objection must: a. Be in writing; b. Specify the grounds for the objection; c. Be filed with the Court at [COURT ADDRESS]; and d. Be served on the judgment creditor or the judgment creditor's attorney.

  3. Valid grounds for objection include, but are not limited to: a. The judgment has been paid in full; b. The amount to be withheld exceeds the limits imposed by applicable law; c. The underlying judgment has been vacated, modified, or appealed with a supersedeas bond; or d. Mistaken identity of the judgment debtor.

  4. Upon receipt of a timely objection, the Court shall schedule a hearing within [NUMBER] days and provide notice to all parties.

  5. The filing of an objection does not automatically stay this Wage Withholding Order unless specifically ordered by the Court.

C. Modification Provisions:

  1. Either party may request modification of this Wage Withholding Order by filing a motion with the Court showing a substantial change in circumstances, including but not limited to: a. A significant change in the judgment debtor's income; b. A change in the judgment debtor's employment status; c. The existence of undue hardship; d. Partial satisfaction of the judgment; or e. Errors in the calculation of the amount due.

  2. The motion for modification must: a. Be in writing; b. State the specific grounds for modification; c. Be filed with the Court at [COURT ADDRESS]; and d. Be served on all parties.

  3. The Court may, in its discretion, schedule a hearing on the motion for modification or rule on the motion without a hearing.

  4. This Wage Withholding Order remains in full force and effect until modified or terminated by subsequent order of this Court.

VI. SPECIAL CONSIDERATIONS

A. Multiple Employers:

  1. If the judgment debtor has more than one employer, the judgment creditor may serve separate wage withholding orders on each employer.

  2. The total amount withheld from all employers combined shall not exceed the maximum amount permitted under applicable law as set forth in Section IV(E) of this Order.

  3. Each employer shall withhold the amount specified in this Order, subject to the maximum limits, regardless of withholding by other employers.

  4. The judgment debtor has an affirmative duty to disclose all sources of income to the judgment creditor and the Court.

B. Self-Employment Provisions:

  1. If the judgment debtor becomes self-employed after the issuance of this Order, the judgment debtor shall: a. Notify the judgment creditor and the Court within [NUMBER] days of becoming self-employed; b. Provide information regarding the nature of the self-employment and anticipated income; and c. Make arrangements for regular payments toward the judgment.

  2. The Court may, upon motion by the judgment creditor, order alternative methods of satisfying the judgment if the judgment debtor is self-employed, including but not limited to: a. Periodic direct payments by the judgment debtor; b. Establishment of a payment schedule; c. Deposit of funds into a trust account; or d. Placement of liens on the judgment debtor's property.

C. Child/Spousal Support Priority:

  1. If this Wage Withholding Order is for child support or spousal support, it takes priority over any other wage withholding order except for another support order that was served earlier.

  2. If this Wage Withholding Order is not for support, but there is a support order in effect, the employer must first satisfy the support order before withholding any amounts pursuant to this Order.

  3. The judgment creditor shall immediately notify the Court and the employer if they become aware of any support order that may affect the priority of this Order.

D. Tax Implications:

  1. The judgment debtor is advised that the amounts withheld pursuant to this Order may not be deductible for income tax purposes.

  2. The judgment creditor is advised that amounts received pursuant to this Order may constitute taxable income, depending on the nature of the underlying judgment.

  3. Neither the Court nor the employer makes any representations regarding the tax consequences of this Wage Withholding Order, and both the judgment debtor and judgment creditor are advised to consult with a tax professional regarding any tax implications.

VII. ADDITIONAL PROVISIONS

A. Reporting Requirements:

  1. The employer shall provide the judgment debtor with a statement each pay period showing: a. The total amount of earnings; b. The amount withheld pursuant to this Order; and c. The cumulative total withheld to date.

  2. The judgment creditor shall provide the judgment debtor with a statement every [NUMBER] months showing: a. The amount received pursuant to this Order; b. How the received amounts have been applied to the judgment; and c. The remaining balance due on the judgment.

B. Satisfaction of Judgment:

  1. Upon full satisfaction of the judgment, the judgment creditor shall: a. File a Satisfaction of Judgment with the Court within [NUMBER] business days; b. Serve a copy of the Satisfaction of Judgment on the employer and the judgment debtor; and c. Provide written notice to the employer to terminate the wage withholding.

  2. If the judgment creditor fails to comply with these requirements after receiving full payment, the judgment debtor may petition the Court for appropriate relief, including but not limited to statutory penalties for failure to file a satisfaction of judgment.

C. Change of Employment:

  1. If the judgment debtor changes employment while this Order is in effect, the judgment creditor may serve a copy of this Order on the new employer.

  2. The judgment debtor shall notify the judgment creditor of any change in employment within [NUMBER] days, including the name, address, and telephone number of the new employer.

D. Enforcement:

  1. If the employer fails to withhold or remit funds as required by this Order, the judgment creditor may file a motion for contempt against the employer.

  2. If the employer is found to be in contempt, the Court may order the employer to pay the amount that should have been withheld, plus interest, costs, and attorney's fees.

  3. The judgment creditor may also pursue any other remedies available under [STATE] law for enforcement of this Order.

VIII. CERTIFICATION AND SIGNATURES

The undersigned certifies that this Wage Withholding Order complies with all applicable laws and regulations, including but not limited to the Consumer Credit Protection Act and [STATE] law.

ORDERED this _____ day of ________________, [YEAR].

JUDGE

PREPARED BY:

[ATTORNEY NAME], [BAR NUMBER] Attorney for Judgment Creditor [LAW FIRM NAME] [ADDRESS] [PHONE] [EMAIL]

NOTICE TO JUDGMENT DEBTOR

You are hereby notified that your earnings are being withheld pursuant to this Wage Withholding Order. You have the right to object to this withholding by filing a written objection with the Court within [NUMBER] days after receiving notice of this Order. If you believe that the withholding exceeds the amount permitted by law, that the judgment has been satisfied, or that there is any other valid reason why the withholding should not take place, you should file an objection immediately. Failure to file a timely objection may result in the continued withholding of your earnings.

NOTICE TO EMPLOYER

You are required by law to withhold the designated amount from the judgment debtor's earnings beginning with the first pay period that occurs after your receipt of this Order. Failure to comply with this Order may result in a judgment being entered against you for the amount you failed to withhold, plus additional penalties as provided by law. You may not discharge, refuse to employ, or take disciplinary action against the judgment debtor because of this Wage Withholding Order. If you have any questions about implementing this Order, you should consult with an attorney.

Idaho Requirements for Wage Withholding Order

Consumer Credit Protection Act Limits (15 U.S.C. § 1673)

Federal law limits the amount that can be garnished from an employee's wages to 25% of disposable earnings or the amount by which disposable earnings exceed 30 times the federal minimum wage, whichever is less.

Idaho Maximum Garnishment Limits (Idaho Code § 11-207)

Idaho follows the federal CCPA limits for wage garnishment, allowing creditors to garnish up to 25% of disposable earnings, but may have additional protections for certain types of income.

Child Support Withholding Priority (Idaho Code § 32-1210)

Child support withholding orders take priority over other garnishments, and can withhold up to 50-65% of disposable earnings depending on whether the employee is supporting another family and if there are arrears.

Employer Processing Fee (Idaho Code § 32-1210(4))

Idaho law permits employers to deduct a fee of $2.50 per withholding payment to cover administrative costs of processing wage withholding orders.

Employer Compliance Timeline (Idaho Code § 32-1210)

Employers must begin withholding within 7 days of receipt of the order and must remit withheld amounts within 7 business days of the pay date.

Anti-Retaliation Provision (Idaho Code § 32-1213)

Employers are prohibited from discharging, disciplining, or refusing to hire an employee because of a wage withholding order.

Multiple Withholding Orders (Idaho Code § 11-207)

When multiple withholding orders exist, they must be satisfied in order of priority: child support first, followed by other orders in the order received.

Notice to Employee Requirement (Idaho Code § 32-1214)

The employee must receive notice of the withholding order and information about their rights to contest the order.

Termination of Employment Notification (Idaho Code § 32-1210(5))

Employers must notify the issuing agency within 10 days if an employee subject to a withholding order terminates employment.

Income Withholding for Support Act (42 U.S.C. § 666(b))

Federal law requiring employers to withhold income for child support obligations, including procedures for interstate enforcement.

Head of Family Exemption (Idaho Code § 11-207(1))

Idaho provides additional protections for heads of families, potentially limiting garnishment below federal standards in certain circumstances.

Exempt Income Types (Idaho Code § 11-603)

Certain types of income are exempt from garnishment under Idaho law, including social security, disability benefits, and workers' compensation.

Duration of Withholding Orders (Idaho Code § 32-1212)

Withholding orders for child support continue until the obligation is satisfied or the child reaches age of majority, while other orders may have specific termination dates.

Employer Liability for Non-Compliance (Idaho Code § 32-1214)

Employers who fail to withhold as ordered may be held liable for the amount that should have been withheld plus potential penalties.

Federal Tax Levy Priority (26 U.S.C. § 6334)

IRS tax levies take priority over most other garnishments except child support orders that were established before the tax levy.

Bankruptcy Automatic Stay (11 U.S.C. § 362)

Wage garnishments must cease immediately when an employee files for bankruptcy protection, except for domestic support obligations.

Modification Procedures (Idaho Code § 32-1214A)

Procedures for modifying withholding amounts based on changes in circumstances, such as changes in income or additional children.

Electronic Funds Transfer Requirement (Idaho Code § 32-1210A)

For child support withholding, employers with more than 50 employees or more than 10 child support withholding orders must remit payments electronically.

Lump Sum Payment Withholding (Idaho Code § 32-1210(2))

Requirements for withholding from lump sum payments such as bonuses, commissions, or severance pay.

Interstate Income Withholding (Idaho Code § 7-1001 et seq.)

Procedures for enforcing out-of-state withholding orders in Idaho under the Uniform Interstate Family Support Act.

Frequently Asked Questions

A Wage Withholding Order (also called an Income Withholding Order or Wage Garnishment) is a legal document issued by a court or government agency that directs an employer to withhold a specific amount from an employee's paycheck. The withheld money is then sent to the appropriate agency or individual to satisfy a debt obligation. These orders are commonly issued for child support, spousal support, unpaid taxes, student loans, or other court judgments. The order specifies the amount to be withheld, which is typically calculated according to federal and state laws that limit how much can be taken from each paycheck.

As a business owner, if you receive a wage withholding order for one of your employees, you have a legal obligation to comply. You must begin withholding the specified amount from the employee's paycheck immediately after receiving the order and continue until the order terminates. Failure to comply can result in your business being held liable for the amount that should have been withheld. Additionally, you cannot terminate an employee solely because of a wage withholding order, as this is prohibited by federal law. You should establish clear procedures for processing these orders and maintain accurate records of all withholdings and payments made.

When multiple wage withholding orders exist for the same employee, they are generally prioritized in this order: (1) child support and alimony orders take precedence over other types of garnishments; (2) tax levies from the IRS or state tax authorities; (3) other garnishments like credit card debt or student loans. However, there are limits to how much can be withheld in total. Federal law generally limits garnishment to 25% of disposable earnings or the amount by which weekly disposable earnings exceed 30 times the federal minimum wage, whichever is less. Child support orders can take up to 50-65% depending on whether the employee is supporting another family and if there are arrears.

For parents with minor children, wage withholding orders are the standard method of collecting child support in all 50 states. When a child support order is established, a wage withholding order is typically issued automatically. The non-custodial parent's employer will withhold the ordered amount from their paycheck and send it to the state disbursement unit, which then forwards it to the custodial parent. This ensures regular, timely payments and creates a record of payment. If you're paying child support, the withholding order protects you by documenting your compliance with support obligations. If you're receiving child support, it provides a more reliable payment method than depending on the other parent to make payments directly.

For couples with significant assets, it's important to understand that wage withholding orders typically only affect income from employment, not assets themselves. However, if you fail to satisfy debts through wage withholding, creditors may pursue other collection methods that could affect your assets. Some protection strategies include: (1) maximizing contributions to protected retirement accounts like 401(k)s and IRAs, which generally have protection from creditors; (2) establishing certain types of trusts; (3) holding property as tenants by the entirety in states that recognize this form of ownership between spouses. These strategies should be discussed with a qualified financial advisor or attorney, as they vary by state and situation.

If you receive a wage withholding order, you have several important rights: (1) You must receive notice before the garnishment begins; (2) You have the right to contest the garnishment if you believe it's incorrect or if the amount exceeds legal limits; (3) You can file for an exemption if the withholding would cause undue financial hardship; (4) Federal law protects you from being fired by your employer because of a single wage garnishment; (5) There are limits on how much of your wages can be garnished. To contest a withholding order, you typically need to file a response with the court that issued the order within a specific timeframe, usually 30 days, though this varies by state.

The duration of a wage withholding order depends on the type of debt being collected. For child support, the order typically remains in effect until the child support obligation ends, which is usually when the child reaches the age of majority (18 or 21, depending on the state) or graduates from high school. For other debts like unpaid taxes or consumer debts, the withholding continues until the debt is paid in full. If you change jobs, the withholding order will generally follow you to your new employer. For long-term married couples with significant assets, this is particularly important to understand when planning for long-term financial obligations.

Yes, you can request a modification of a wage withholding order if your financial circumstances change significantly. For child support or alimony orders, you would need to petition the court that issued the original support order for a modification based on a substantial change in circumstances, such as job loss, significant decrease in income, or increased expenses due to health issues. For tax levies or other government debts, you can contact the issuing agency to request an installment agreement or offer in compromise. For private debts, you may be able to negotiate directly with the creditor or seek relief through bankruptcy in extreme cases. Document your changed circumstances thoroughly before requesting any modification.

As a business owner, your responsibilities include: (1) Beginning withholding no later than the first pay period after receiving the order; (2) Calculating the correct amount to withhold according to the order and applicable laws; (3) Sending the withheld funds to the designated recipient by the deadline specified in the order; (4) Continuing withholding until the order terminates or you receive a release; (5) Notifying the employee about the withholding; (6) Notifying the issuing agency if the employee terminates employment; (7) Maintaining accurate records of all withholdings and payments. Failure to comply with these responsibilities can result in your business being held liable for the amounts that should have been withheld plus potential penalties.

For self-employed individuals, traditional wage withholding orders cannot be implemented since there is no employer to withhold wages. Instead, if you're self-employed and subject to a support order or other debt collection, you may be required to: (1) Make direct payments to the appropriate agency or recipient; (2) Set up automatic payments from your bank account; (3) Post a bond or other security to ensure payment; (4) Make payments through an income deduction order if you receive regular payments from clients. Self-employed business owners with significant assets should be particularly careful to comply with these alternative arrangements, as non-compliance can lead to more aggressive collection methods, including asset seizure or business liens.